Abstract
Kandoli is a peri urban
village scattered in different 11 habitations and is situated 20 kilometers
away from the city of Dehradun India
Village
profile of Kandoli village
Habitations covered:
(i)
Kandoli Upper (PC), (ii) Kandoli Lower (PC),
(iii)
Bishanpur (PC), (iv) Bahal (PC),
(v)
Kanswali (PC), (vi) Baisakwali,
(vii) Palawali (PC), (viii) Shergujar Basti (PC),
(ix) Dhankowali (PC), (x) Bhadrakali
& (xi) Gusain Gaon (PC)
DESCRIPTION OF THE WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
DESCRIPTION OF THE WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
PRE PROJECT
STATUS
The village Kandoli was a part of the Multi-Village
scheme named Bidholi piped water supply scheme (PWS) which was constructed in
the year 1960. The village being situated at the tail end of PWS and widely
scattered over an area of 8 sq. km., there was an acute shortage of drinking
water in the village. The water availability in the village varied between 15
to 25 lpcd. The residents of the village
were dependent on traditional water sources for their drinking water needs. The
local population had to travel 1 to 3 Km. and spend 4 to 6 hours daily for
fulfilment of their drinking water needs. These compelling factors contributed
to the realization of doing things differently – paradigm shift from supply
driven approach to demand driven approach. The village was selected in the
first Batch of World Bank assisted URWSSP.
Details
of UWSSC
|
||
Name of UWSSC
|
:
|
Kandoli
|
Name of Chairman
|
:
|
Sh. Megh Singh
|
Name of Treasurer
|
:
|
Smt Pramila Bhandari
|
Total member of UWSSC
|
:
|
13
|
Women member of UWSSC
|
:
|
7
|
Member of SC/ST
|
:
|
6
|
Contact No. of Chairman UWSSC
|
:
|
9412918548
|
Contact No. of the Village
Maintenance Worker
|
:
|
9412918549
|
PROCESSES
FOLLOWED
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) process was used to help rural
communities to organize their knowledge, identify and prioritize local
development needs, and develop along term action plans. The advantage of PRA
included: (i) full participation of communities right from the start; (ii)
plans reflect a field reality; (iii) establishment of good working
relationships and (iv) communication lines between authorities and the
community. Following
the confirmation of the village community to participate in the project, the
project cycle was followed to go through the cycle of detailed planning,
implementation and O&M. Each scheme cycle included four phases, including
pre-planning (01 month), planning (6 months), implementation (06-18 months) and
operation and maintenance (04 months). The duration of implementation phase
depended on the scheme size and technology type. During pre-planning selection
of the support organization and collection of base line data were done. In the
planning phase mobilization of the community, formation of User Water and
Sanitation Sub Committee (UWSSC), collection of the community contribution and
preparation of detailed project report (DPR) were done. During implementation
phase the village community in association with User Water and Sanitation Sub
Committee (UWSSC and NGO executed the water supply scheme. During
implementation all the funds were handled by the UWSSC and NGO including
purchase of materials. The NGO was responsible for capacity building of the
community during all the phases of the scheme cycle.
PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED
The major challenge before the project implementing agency was to take
into confidence various stake holders especially communities. The limiting
factors for the participation of the community included : (i) Poor credibility:
(ii) lack of self confidence; (iii) resistance to change; (iv) fear of the
financial consequence which a new project would bring; (v) lack of experience
in dealing with institutions; and (iv) weak capacity of problem solving and
planning methodologies. The project authorities had poor perception of
community problems and lack of knowledge- how to integrate the social aspects
with the technical aspects.
SALIENT FEATURES OF
THE WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
During Planning phase various technical options such as gravity,
tube-well pumping, surface water pumping, rain water harvesting tanks,
reorganization of existing water supply schemes were deliberated in the
community wide meetings. Finally, the community agreed for gravity type water
supply scheme from ‘GUCHKA GADHERA”. Incidentally Guchka
Gadhera was located in one of the habitations therefore it was technically and
economically feasible to develop as a water source for the proposed water
supply scheme.
Details of Water Supply
|
||
Source Work
|
:
|
Uttaranchal
Well-1 No
|
Storage Work
|
:
|
CWR 80 KL.
|
Supply
Main/Raising main
|
:
|
7814 mtr.
|
Distribution
main
|
:
|
21500 mtr.
|
Stand Post
|
:
|
5
|
Private
Connection
|
:
|
228 Nos. till date
|
Upto Scheme Completion
|
89 Nos.
|
|
After Scheme Completion up to March,, 2013
|
139 Nos.
|
|
Cost of
water supply scheme
|
:
|
R 9241312.00
|
Cost of
CAP/ANR works
|
:
|
R 58319.00
|
Total
|
:
|
R 9299631.00
|
Community
Contribution in cash
|
:
|
R 80250.00
|
Community
Contribution in labour
|
:
|
-
|
Govt
Contribution
|
:
|
R 9219381.00
|
EVIDENCE OF PERFORMANCE
At present Operation and Maintenance of water supply scheme of the Gram
Kandoli is being done by the UWSSC. For the successful operation and
maintenance of the schemes UWSSCs of the village Kandoli local population and
beneficiaries are contributing R 40 per month in the UWSSC operation and maintenance
account, R 711247
(Seven Lakh Eleven Thousand Two Hundred Forty Seven) has been deposited so far.
The UWSSC of Kandoli regularly call the meeting in which committee put up their
income and expenditure before the local population which reflect the full
transparency in operation of the scheme. Times to time meetings are also
organized by the DIA Officials to provide support/guidance to the Gram
Panchayat for smooth operation of scheme. Every family and beneficiary of the
village is fully following rules/regulation made by UWSSC. The active
participation and contribution of women as a UWSSC member and in a community
meeting is highly appreciable. This type of water supply scheme is model for
other Gram Panchayat. Feeling of transparency is attached with the community
participation among the people of the gram Panchayat.
Box-3
O&M Summary
Period
|
Opening Details
|
Collection Details
|
Expenditure Details
|
Closing Details
|
||||
Head
|
Rs.
|
Head
|
Rs.
|
Head
|
Rs.
|
Head
|
Rs.
|
|
From 02/07/20110 (Exit Date) to
(23/05/2011)
|
Bank
|
65000.00
|
Water
Tariff
|
368896.00
|
CT Salary
|
100000.00
|
Bank
|
159993.00
|
Cash
|
0.00
|
Bank Interest
|
9222.00
|
Chlorinator
|
2500.00
|
Cash
|
0.00
|
|
Other
|
0.00
|
Repairing
|
12625.00
|
|||||
From
exit to till date
|
168000.00
|
|||||||
Total
|
65000.00
|
Total
|
378118.00
|
Total
|
283125.00
|
Total
|
159993.00
|
|
May, 2011 to March, 2012
|
Bank
|
159993.00
|
Water
Tariff
|
101900.00
|
CT Salary
|
40000.00
|
Bank
|
125229.00
|
Cash
|
0.00
|
Bank Interest
|
5236.00
|
Chlorinator
|
0.00
|
Cash
|
4436.00
|
|
Other
|
0.00
|
Repairing
|
97464.00
|
|||||
Others
|
||||||||
Total
|
159993.00
|
Total
|
107136.00
|
Total
|
137464.00
|
Total
|
129665.00
|
|
April, 2012 to March, 2013
|
Bank
|
129665.00
|
Water
Tariff
|
154740.00
|
CT Salary
|
60000.00
|
Bank
|
148719.00
|
Cash
|
0.00
|
Bank Interest
|
6253.00
|
Chlorinator
|
0.00
|
Cash
|
0.00
|
|
Other
|
0.00
|
Repairing
|
81939.00
|
|||||
Others
|
420589.00
|
|||||||
Total
|
129665.00
|
Total
|
160993.00
|
Total
|
141939.00
|
Total
|
148719.00
|
|
Total
|
Bank
|
65000.00
|
Water
Tariff
|
625536.00
|
CT
Salary
|
200000
|
Bank
|
148719.00
|
Cash
|
0.00
|
Bank
Interest
|
20711.00
|
Chlorinator
|
2500.00
|
Cash
|
0.00
|
|
Other
|
0.00
|
Repairing
|
192028
|
|||||
Others
|
168000
|
|||||||
Total
|
65000.00
|
Total
|
646247.00
|
Total
|
562528.00
|
Total
|
148719.00
|
|
Visit of Kandoli Water
Supply scheme by Country Director Mr. Onno Ruhl, World Bank
FACTORS OF SUCCESS
- The main strength of this project village had been transparency right from the Pre-feasibility stage to O&M stage transparency in dealings and dissemination of maximum information through all modes and mediums.
- The continuous acute shortage of water in the village during pre project compelled the elders of the village to think differently for reliable and adequate quantity of potable water especially during summer season. In other words, there was an effective demand and need for potable water implying the fulfillment of eligibility criteria under community driven approach.
- Non Governmental Organization (NGO) was involved as a link between the beneficiary community and the implementing agency. Acting as a catalyst in the process, the NGO assisted in motivating and mobilizing the community. The capacity building of the community towards their envisaged roles and responsibilities in the planning, execution and management of the water supply scheme was taken up in a big way by the NGO.
- Information Education & Communication (IEC) activities, mainly to promote the ownership and decentralization agenda were carried out by the project authorities on a massive scale through workshops, cross visits, competitions, electronic and print media.
- The community was involved in all phases of the project – Pre Planning, Planning, Implementation and Operation and Maintenance.
- A menu of technical options was presented before the community by the project authorities for their choice suiting their affordability and convenience of operation and maintenance.
- Partial capital cost sharing (either in cash or kind including labor or both) and 100% responsibility of O & M by the community have developed a sense of belongingness and ownership among the community leading to sustainable delivery of water supply and sanitation service.
- An innovative measure – ‘Insurance Coverage’ of water supply scheme assets after construction phase initially for a period of 3 years from the date of commissioning has largely contributed for O & M of the scheme without further government intervention.
· The provision of
water supply and sanitation service in this village is sustainable because all
the conventional notions of sustainability of the water sector are being
focused namely (i) it functions and is being used; (ii) it is able to deliver
an appropriate level of benefits (quality, quantity, convenience, comfort,
continuity, affordability, efficiency, equity, reliability, health); (iii) Its
management is institutionalized; and
(iv) Most importantly, its operation, maintenance, administrative and
replacement costs are covered at local level through user fees.
· There is ample
evidence to suggest that the water supply scheme of this village will remain
sustainable for years to come. The evidence include (i) timely revision of tariff
to keep pace with increasing O & M expenditure; (ii) minimal operating
costs; (iii) surplus revenue generation after meeting yearly expenses in all
years of operation; (iv) regular preventive maintenance activities including
water quality monitoring; and (v) established management capacity of the UWSSC
to sustain adequate services to keep pace with rates of population growth.
REPLICABILITY OF
THE SCHEME
The project is replicable in all other situations of
the country provided the essential pre requisites of demand driven approach are
adhered to. These include (i) effective demand from the community for the water
supply service; (ii) positive response of the facilitating agency; (iii)
linking technology choice with O & M aspects; (iv) participation of the
community in all phases of the project; (v) gender balance; (vi) adequate
dissemination of policies at the village level; (vii) empowering community as
well as NGOs by extensive capacity building; and (viii) identification of
agency for providing technical assistance in case of major repairs and
emergencies during post implementation period.
LESSONS LEARNED
- The involvement of the community and empowering them as decision maker, improved training, a focus on operation and maintenance issues early on during the project cycle, and the use of appropriate technology all have contributed to successful O & M for such a long period of 13 years.
- It has been proved that the community show tremendous interest and enthusiasm in shouldering responsibilities, including procurement and financial management activities, when properly empowered.
- The success story of this village demonstrates that the alternative delivery system – community management vis a vis the present top down government system is not only desirable but also feasible in the rural water supply and sanitation sector especially in case of single village gravity based water supply schemes.
- The case study of this village also reveals that the partnership between village community, NGO and the Government, where the Government takes the role of facilitation and co financing, can work successfully.
- The prime reason for sustainable O & M in this particular village is that there is an effective demand from the community for the water supply service and the community was properly trained to efficiently and effectively handle dispute resolutions, material procurement, financial transactions and record/ book keeping in a satisfactory manner,
- The demand by, and the participation of the community are key elements that influence the community’s willingness to assume financial responsibility for the system
- Appropriate technology selection is a key factor in sustainable cost recovery. Communities should be aware of the financial implications of choosing particular technology.
- Experience has shown that a good plan is based on a participatory assessment of the situation, which reflects the realities in the field and can be a way of involving communities, right from the start, in their future responsibilities.
- Spare parts provision (cost, accessibility) should be one of the deciding factors in technology especially in remote rural areas.
- Technical skills for operation and repairs should be available in the community or with in reach of the community to provide uninterrupted water supply to the users.
Special Thanks : Mr. V.K Sinha
Author: Alok Semwal; M&E Specialist
and DPMU, Dehradun Team
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